AS a new leadership prepares to take over the political and economic power in China, there are signs that the rebalancing or correction that the current, outgoing leadership had promised to ensure is indeed beginning to occur.
RELEVANT INDICATORS
Recent evidence released by China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) points to a turn in China’s economic performance. Two indicators are of particular relevance. The first is that after a long period of high or even excessively high growth, the Chinese economy seems to be slowing. The second is that inequality in China, which during recent years appears to have increased is showing some signs of being corrected, though the level of inequality still remains high.
Consider growth, for example. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Chinese GDP growth, year-on-year, which had fallen from 8.1 per cent in the first quarter of 2012, to 7.6 per cent in the second and 7.4 per cent in the third quarter, had bounced back to 7.9 per cent in the last quarter of that year. But the good news may not be this sign of revival, but rather that the GDP growth rates in China seem to be in long-term decline. Growth had spiked in China when the government launched a stimulus package of 585 billion dollars in response to the 2008 crisis, which not only neutralised the adverse effects of the global recession, but also drove the year-on-year quarterly growth rate from 6.6 per cent in the first quarter of 2009 to 12.1 per cent in the first quarter of 2010. An important source of that acceleration in GDP growth was a spike in debt-financed construction activity at the provincial level, facilitated by an easy credit policy encouraged by the government.
DECELERATION IN GDP GROWTH
The deceleration in growth began when the government decided that the Chinese economy was “overheating” and that the rise in growth rates had gone too far. As a result of administrative action, including measures to rein in credit growth, in a two step process starting in the second quarter of 2010, year-on-year quarterly growth rates have fallen from 12.1 per cent in the first quarter of 2012 to below 10 per cent between the quarters ending September 2010 and September 2011, below nine per cent in the subsequent two quarters and below eight per cent in the last three quarters of 2012. China's annual rate of GDP growth of 7.8 per cent in 2012 was also among the lowest it had registered in 13 years.
As noted earlier, one reason why slowing growth seems positive in China's case is because high rates of growth were seen as being associated with overheating, reflected in a combination of bouts of consumer price inflation and a housing price bubble. Periodically, the government had to rein in demand through administrative measures that curbed bank lending and investment expenditures by public sector corporations. However, the problem being structural, and linked to the nature of investment decision making and financing in China, recurred once the central government’s surveillance was relaxed, necessitating another round of administrative intervention. The long term slowdown may be indicative of the beginnings of successful structural adjustment to address the problem.
A related indicator of the imbalanced nature of growth in China was the overwhelming role of investment in driving growth, with investment contributing more than 50 per cent of GDP in recent times. China had emerged as the classic instance of an economy with excess investment, which was not constrained by demand to the same degree as in a conventional capitalist economy. According to the Financial Times (October 18, 2012), "The ghost cities, empty apartment buildings and unused convention centres that dot the country are the physical manifestations of this excessive investment, and investors remain concerned that much of it will translate into bad debts for the banking sector."
REPRESSION OF CONSUMPTION
Besides this creation of unutilised resources, the high investment rate was also indicative of the fact that despite (and underlying) the high growth rate in China was a repression of consumption. That repression, in as much as it was mediated by wage restraint, was also seen as a factor contributing to China’s export competitiveness and export success. Even before the Great Recession the dangers associated with excessive export dependence had become clear. The Recession only drove home that point, and increased the urgency of redirecting growth to reduce export dependence and increase growth based on the expansion of the domestic market.
An indication that such a transformation is underway is partly provided by data showing that the importance of investment in driving GDP growth has been declining while the role of consumption has been increasing. Data from the NBS indicate that during 2011 and 2012 consumption expenditure contributed 56 per cent and 52 per cent of growth respectively, while investment contributed 49 and 50 per cent. The persisting global recession had resulted in a negative contribution of four and three per cent from net exports. These figures compare with an 88 per cent contribution of investment, 50 per cent of consumption and a negative 37 per cent from net exports in 2009. The Chinese government that has been making a strong case for “rebalancing” growth welcomes this shift to consumption as the principal stimulus to growth.
Evidence suggesting that the investment led trajectory was unsustainable was also coming from the financial sector with incomplete data pointing to a major role for credit from China's version of the "shadow banking" sector in financing a investment, housing and construction boom. Shadow finance varies from credit from loan sharks to small and medium businesses to investments in real estate and "prestige projects" of provincial governments with funds mobilized through financial trusts and wealth management products marketed by banks to rich investors. Since these investments promise high returns the projects involved are risky and unlikely to yield promised returns. The resulting instances of financial failure are forcing the government to rein in this activity as well, since estimates of the volume of investments made with “shadow finance” vary from 25 to 50 per cent of GDP. With regulation turning stricter, a slowdown of investment and growth is inevitable.
REDUCTION IN INEQUALITIES
The reversal of the trajectory of high growth driven by excess investment has another positive side to it. Evidence on inequality computed and released for the first time in China, point to a reduction in income disparity. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, which varies from 0, reflecting a situation of complete equality, and 1, or extreme inequality, with just one person in the population having all the income. The figures show that the Gini coefficient in China, which had risen from 0.479 in 2003 to 0.491 in 2008, had marginally declined to touch 0.474 in 2012. It appears that inequality rose when growth was high and fell when it slowed. This may be because measures to reduce inequality divert resources away from investment or because reduced inequality favours consumption over investment. In either case, the outcome implies significant welfare gains.
According to an article in the online edition of the People’s Daily, “China's first release of the Gini coefficient for the past decade demonstrated the government’s resolve to bridge the gap between the rich and poor.” Though, the Gini has been falling, it is at 0.474, well above the red line of 0.4 set by the United Nations. According to Ma Jiantang, director of the NBS: "The statistics highlighted the urgency for our country to speed up the income distribution reforms to narrow the wealth gap." If that happens, consumption may rise and growth slow down further. But China’s new leadership seems to think that is the way to go. Slower growth may be upsetting the Indian government, but it seems to be a sign of achievement in China.
*
C P Chandrasekhar People's Democracy 10 February 2013
RELEVANT INDICATORS
Recent evidence released by China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) points to a turn in China’s economic performance. Two indicators are of particular relevance. The first is that after a long period of high or even excessively high growth, the Chinese economy seems to be slowing. The second is that inequality in China, which during recent years appears to have increased is showing some signs of being corrected, though the level of inequality still remains high.
Consider growth, for example. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Chinese GDP growth, year-on-year, which had fallen from 8.1 per cent in the first quarter of 2012, to 7.6 per cent in the second and 7.4 per cent in the third quarter, had bounced back to 7.9 per cent in the last quarter of that year. But the good news may not be this sign of revival, but rather that the GDP growth rates in China seem to be in long-term decline. Growth had spiked in China when the government launched a stimulus package of 585 billion dollars in response to the 2008 crisis, which not only neutralised the adverse effects of the global recession, but also drove the year-on-year quarterly growth rate from 6.6 per cent in the first quarter of 2009 to 12.1 per cent in the first quarter of 2010. An important source of that acceleration in GDP growth was a spike in debt-financed construction activity at the provincial level, facilitated by an easy credit policy encouraged by the government.
DECELERATION IN GDP GROWTH
The deceleration in growth began when the government decided that the Chinese economy was “overheating” and that the rise in growth rates had gone too far. As a result of administrative action, including measures to rein in credit growth, in a two step process starting in the second quarter of 2010, year-on-year quarterly growth rates have fallen from 12.1 per cent in the first quarter of 2012 to below 10 per cent between the quarters ending September 2010 and September 2011, below nine per cent in the subsequent two quarters and below eight per cent in the last three quarters of 2012. China's annual rate of GDP growth of 7.8 per cent in 2012 was also among the lowest it had registered in 13 years.
As noted earlier, one reason why slowing growth seems positive in China's case is because high rates of growth were seen as being associated with overheating, reflected in a combination of bouts of consumer price inflation and a housing price bubble. Periodically, the government had to rein in demand through administrative measures that curbed bank lending and investment expenditures by public sector corporations. However, the problem being structural, and linked to the nature of investment decision making and financing in China, recurred once the central government’s surveillance was relaxed, necessitating another round of administrative intervention. The long term slowdown may be indicative of the beginnings of successful structural adjustment to address the problem.
A related indicator of the imbalanced nature of growth in China was the overwhelming role of investment in driving growth, with investment contributing more than 50 per cent of GDP in recent times. China had emerged as the classic instance of an economy with excess investment, which was not constrained by demand to the same degree as in a conventional capitalist economy. According to the Financial Times (October 18, 2012), "The ghost cities, empty apartment buildings and unused convention centres that dot the country are the physical manifestations of this excessive investment, and investors remain concerned that much of it will translate into bad debts for the banking sector."
REPRESSION OF CONSUMPTION
Besides this creation of unutilised resources, the high investment rate was also indicative of the fact that despite (and underlying) the high growth rate in China was a repression of consumption. That repression, in as much as it was mediated by wage restraint, was also seen as a factor contributing to China’s export competitiveness and export success. Even before the Great Recession the dangers associated with excessive export dependence had become clear. The Recession only drove home that point, and increased the urgency of redirecting growth to reduce export dependence and increase growth based on the expansion of the domestic market.
An indication that such a transformation is underway is partly provided by data showing that the importance of investment in driving GDP growth has been declining while the role of consumption has been increasing. Data from the NBS indicate that during 2011 and 2012 consumption expenditure contributed 56 per cent and 52 per cent of growth respectively, while investment contributed 49 and 50 per cent. The persisting global recession had resulted in a negative contribution of four and three per cent from net exports. These figures compare with an 88 per cent contribution of investment, 50 per cent of consumption and a negative 37 per cent from net exports in 2009. The Chinese government that has been making a strong case for “rebalancing” growth welcomes this shift to consumption as the principal stimulus to growth.
Evidence suggesting that the investment led trajectory was unsustainable was also coming from the financial sector with incomplete data pointing to a major role for credit from China's version of the "shadow banking" sector in financing a investment, housing and construction boom. Shadow finance varies from credit from loan sharks to small and medium businesses to investments in real estate and "prestige projects" of provincial governments with funds mobilized through financial trusts and wealth management products marketed by banks to rich investors. Since these investments promise high returns the projects involved are risky and unlikely to yield promised returns. The resulting instances of financial failure are forcing the government to rein in this activity as well, since estimates of the volume of investments made with “shadow finance” vary from 25 to 50 per cent of GDP. With regulation turning stricter, a slowdown of investment and growth is inevitable.
REDUCTION IN INEQUALITIES
The reversal of the trajectory of high growth driven by excess investment has another positive side to it. Evidence on inequality computed and released for the first time in China, point to a reduction in income disparity. Inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, which varies from 0, reflecting a situation of complete equality, and 1, or extreme inequality, with just one person in the population having all the income. The figures show that the Gini coefficient in China, which had risen from 0.479 in 2003 to 0.491 in 2008, had marginally declined to touch 0.474 in 2012. It appears that inequality rose when growth was high and fell when it slowed. This may be because measures to reduce inequality divert resources away from investment or because reduced inequality favours consumption over investment. In either case, the outcome implies significant welfare gains.
According to an article in the online edition of the People’s Daily, “China's first release of the Gini coefficient for the past decade demonstrated the government’s resolve to bridge the gap between the rich and poor.” Though, the Gini has been falling, it is at 0.474, well above the red line of 0.4 set by the United Nations. According to Ma Jiantang, director of the NBS: "The statistics highlighted the urgency for our country to speed up the income distribution reforms to narrow the wealth gap." If that happens, consumption may rise and growth slow down further. But China’s new leadership seems to think that is the way to go. Slower growth may be upsetting the Indian government, but it seems to be a sign of achievement in China.
*
C P Chandrasekhar People's Democracy 10 February 2013
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